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Intricate bat 'love songs' decoded
Matt Walker
Editor, Earth News
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A male bat sings while performing a wing flapping display in front of his territory
Male free-tailed bats sing intricate and complex "love songs" to woo prospective female mates, new research has found.
A detailed analysis of the structure of the bats' song has found they use a defined syntax and order of syllables.
That makes the bats' songs more similar to those produced by birds than by other mammals such as mice.
Among mammals, only whales may produce more complex songs, scientists report in the journal PLoS One.
In 2008, a team of researchers including Dr Kirsten Bohn of Texas A&M University in College Station, Texas, US discovered that Brazilian free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis) sang songs that appeared to contain defined phrases and syllables.
Within the broad rules, the bats are quite versatile
Dr Kirsten Bohn
"But we only had songs from a few individuals in a captive colony," says Dr Bohn.
Now Bohn and her colleagues have examined over 400 songs produced by 33 individual free-tailed bats living in different colonies in two different regions.
The researchers found that all the bats produce songs with a common hierarchical structure.
"All are constructed from the same four types of syllables and all syllables are combined in the same way to form three types of phrases," says Dr Bohn.
These phrases can be either chirps, trills or buzzes.
"This type of hierarchically structured vocalisation is extremely rare in mammals," she adds.
Songs of attraction
The Brazilian free-tailed bat is common from California to Mexico.
During the mating season, the males establish territories, which they vigorously and aggressively defend against other encroaching males.
But males do let females enter, and the males' love songs are thought to both attract these females and deter rival males.
Free-tailed bats listen out for each others' tunes
As well as finding that all the males structured their songs similarly, the scientists discovered that individual males also add their own particular flourishes.
"Even though these songs are highly structured and follow specific rules, they are also quite variable both for any particular bat and across bats," Dr Bohn explains.
At various times, individual males changed the number of syllables they combined into each of the three phrases, and they also varied the number of times a phrase was repeated within any one song.
"Within the broad rules, the bats are quite versatile," says Dr Bohn.
She suspects that males may vary their songs to generate different meanings, or make themselves more attractive to females, ideas that she now hopes to test.
Other mammals such as mice have in the past few years been shown to produce songs, whilst one other bat species, the Greater sac-winged bat (Saccopteryx bilineata) is also known to sing, though it sings quite differently and evolved this ability independently.
Bat Love Songs
A captive free-tailed bat takes flight
But the hierarchy and complexity of the free-tailed bats love songs make them stand out among mammals.
Only birds and among mammals, the whales, can compare, says Dr Bohn.
"Bird and whale songs have units, syllables or notes, that are combined into specific phrases, or themes, that are combined to form songs," she says.
"In most other mammals, including mouse songs, sequences are produced non-randomly. But there is no evidence as yet for specific syntactical rules and hierarchical structure."
Wednesday, September 30, 2009
Bats Can Be Saved
sciencedaily.com:
Scientists at the University of Calgary have found a way to reduce bat deaths from wind turbines by up to 60 percent without significantly reducing the energy generated from the wind farm. The research, recently published in the Journal of Wildlife Management, demonstrates that slowing turbine blades to near motionless in low-wind periods significantly reduces bat mortality.
Read the whole story: sciencedaily.com
Read more at: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/09/28/bats-and-wind-turbines-sc_n_302085.html
Scientists at the University of Calgary have found a way to reduce bat deaths from wind turbines by up to 60 percent without significantly reducing the energy generated from the wind farm. The research, recently published in the Journal of Wildlife Management, demonstrates that slowing turbine blades to near motionless in low-wind periods significantly reduces bat mortality.
Read the whole story: sciencedaily.com
Read more at: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/09/28/bats-and-wind-turbines-sc_n_302085.html
Could We Have This in Canada?
This is a much better idea! Could we do that here??
WCSH6.com reports:
VINALHAVEN (NEWS CENTER) -- Maine's first "community wind power" project is nearing completion, and a lot of people are watching very carefully.
The three 1.5 megawatt turbines are being built on the island of Vinalhaven, and will provide electricity to that island and neighboring North Haven. This is the first wind project in the state where the power generated will be used locally.
The commercial wind farms sell power to the electric grid. But Fox Island Wind, the name of the local non-profit formed to develop the project, will use most of the electricity right on the two islands.
George Baker, CEO of Fox Island Wind, says in the winter months, when the wind blows the most, the turbines should provide more than enough electricity for the islands. In summer, he says, when there is less wind, they may have to buy power from CMP. Any extra electricity generated will be sold to CMP.
Projections show the project should generate slightly more power than the islands consume, and that's why the project is so important to island communities.
Vinal Haven and North Haven residents currently pay about twice as much for electricity as people on the mainland. Building the wind turbines, says Baker, will stabilize their electric rates for the next twenty years. And those rates will be an estimated 15 to 20 percent less than they pay now.
Now several other island communities, and some on the mainland, are talking with Baker about copying what Vinalhaven and North Haven have done.
For the moment, the Fox Island project is moving ahead quickly. Cianbro project managers say the third and wind turbine should be complete by the end of this week or early next week. Then crews will complete wiring, and General Electric, which makes the actual generating equipment, will then be brought in for a final inspection. Once everything is ready, they expect to begin generating power sometime in November.
http://www.foxislandswind.com
WCSH6.com reports:
VINALHAVEN (NEWS CENTER) -- Maine's first "community wind power" project is nearing completion, and a lot of people are watching very carefully.
The three 1.5 megawatt turbines are being built on the island of Vinalhaven, and will provide electricity to that island and neighboring North Haven. This is the first wind project in the state where the power generated will be used locally.
The commercial wind farms sell power to the electric grid. But Fox Island Wind, the name of the local non-profit formed to develop the project, will use most of the electricity right on the two islands.
George Baker, CEO of Fox Island Wind, says in the winter months, when the wind blows the most, the turbines should provide more than enough electricity for the islands. In summer, he says, when there is less wind, they may have to buy power from CMP. Any extra electricity generated will be sold to CMP.
Projections show the project should generate slightly more power than the islands consume, and that's why the project is so important to island communities.
Vinal Haven and North Haven residents currently pay about twice as much for electricity as people on the mainland. Building the wind turbines, says Baker, will stabilize their electric rates for the next twenty years. And those rates will be an estimated 15 to 20 percent less than they pay now.
Now several other island communities, and some on the mainland, are talking with Baker about copying what Vinalhaven and North Haven have done.
For the moment, the Fox Island project is moving ahead quickly. Cianbro project managers say the third and wind turbine should be complete by the end of this week or early next week. Then crews will complete wiring, and General Electric, which makes the actual generating equipment, will then be brought in for a final inspection. Once everything is ready, they expect to begin generating power sometime in November.
http://www.foxislandswind.com
Sunday, September 27, 2009
Denmark's Wind Power Experience
Over the last eight years West Denmark has exported (couldn't use), on average, 57% of the wind power it generated and East Denmark an average of 45%....The wind power that is exported from Denmark saves neither fossil fuel consumption nor CO2 emissions in Denmark, where it is all paid for. By necessity, wind power exported to Norway and Sweden supplants largely carbon neutral electricity in the Nordic countries. No coal is used nor are there power-related CO2 emissions in Sweden and Norway.
Wind energy has replaced some thermal generation in Denmark. It has saved an average emission of about 2.4 million tonnes per year CO2 at a total subsidy cost of ... $124 per ton of CO2. Wind power has proven to be an expensive way to save CO2 emissions.
...
...wind power's one striking advantage is that, like nuclear, its marginal costs of operation are very small once the capital [to build it] has been paid. However, unlike nuclear, many ten to fifteen year-old turbines are past their useful life. By contrast, most conventional rotating power plants can enjoy a working life of 40 to 60 years, as evidenced by most power plants in Europe today. This puts into question the strategic, economic and environmental benefits of a power plant that may have to be scrapped, replaced and re-subsidized every ten to fifteen years.
...in 2025 50% of Denmark's electricity demand must come from renewable resources, mostly wind power. The Ecogrid Study Group has concluded that if the extra wind power is to achieve this aim, drastic re-engineering of the whole energy system will need to take place, including the retirement of much expensive, high quality, existing capacity.
On employment benefits of the subsidized wind industry in Denmark, the study concludes:
Substantial subsidies have been directed to the Danish wind mill industry over years....The Danish Wind Industry counts 28,400 employees....the effect of the government subsidy has been to shift employment from more productive employment in other sectors to les productive employment in the wind industry. As a consequence, Danish GDP is approximately... $270 million lower that it would have been if the wind sector work force was employed elsewhere.
Wind energy has replaced some thermal generation in Denmark. It has saved an average emission of about 2.4 million tonnes per year CO2 at a total subsidy cost of ... $124 per ton of CO2. Wind power has proven to be an expensive way to save CO2 emissions.
...
...wind power's one striking advantage is that, like nuclear, its marginal costs of operation are very small once the capital [to build it] has been paid. However, unlike nuclear, many ten to fifteen year-old turbines are past their useful life. By contrast, most conventional rotating power plants can enjoy a working life of 40 to 60 years, as evidenced by most power plants in Europe today. This puts into question the strategic, economic and environmental benefits of a power plant that may have to be scrapped, replaced and re-subsidized every ten to fifteen years.
...in 2025 50% of Denmark's electricity demand must come from renewable resources, mostly wind power. The Ecogrid Study Group has concluded that if the extra wind power is to achieve this aim, drastic re-engineering of the whole energy system will need to take place, including the retirement of much expensive, high quality, existing capacity.
On employment benefits of the subsidized wind industry in Denmark, the study concludes:
Substantial subsidies have been directed to the Danish wind mill industry over years....The Danish Wind Industry counts 28,400 employees....the effect of the government subsidy has been to shift employment from more productive employment in other sectors to les productive employment in the wind industry. As a consequence, Danish GDP is approximately... $270 million lower that it would have been if the wind sector work force was employed elsewhere.
To Marilla Stephenson, Writer, Chronicle Herald
In regards to Marilla Stephenson's comments about the wind turbine issue on Digby Neck,
I find Marilla's comments misleading. She claims "benefits" to wind turbines but cannot list one. A person she interviewed suggests, in connection with placing turbines on Digby Neck, the arrival of jobs and young people. Sentences later, he admits wind turbines "will not fix that". So by her own article, wind turbines will neither bring jobs, nor people to the area, and the only other benefit she could list is for the tax collector.
How would you feel if you knew that wind turbines did not reduce the use of fossil fuels? Isn't that the reason why we're all jumping on the green bandwagon? To reduce emissions from fossil fuels? I was all for wind turbines. However, I am hearing, in my occupation, from Europeans who have many turbines in their countries, that they did not reduce the use of fossil fuels at all, and, in fact "were a farce".
I am pro green Power, I think we all want green power, and we need to meet some Kyoto guidelines, but I think we need to get these questions answered before slapping down turbines everywhere, on a mirage that the public's demand for saving our world is being addressed. There needs to be appropriate standards, for wind farms, yes, but first and foremost, even before that, does it actually accomplish what the public believes it would do? I don't know, now.
Kathleen Gidney
I find Marilla's comments misleading. She claims "benefits" to wind turbines but cannot list one. A person she interviewed suggests, in connection with placing turbines on Digby Neck, the arrival of jobs and young people. Sentences later, he admits wind turbines "will not fix that". So by her own article, wind turbines will neither bring jobs, nor people to the area, and the only other benefit she could list is for the tax collector.
How would you feel if you knew that wind turbines did not reduce the use of fossil fuels? Isn't that the reason why we're all jumping on the green bandwagon? To reduce emissions from fossil fuels? I was all for wind turbines. However, I am hearing, in my occupation, from Europeans who have many turbines in their countries, that they did not reduce the use of fossil fuels at all, and, in fact "were a farce".
I am pro green Power, I think we all want green power, and we need to meet some Kyoto guidelines, but I think we need to get these questions answered before slapping down turbines everywhere, on a mirage that the public's demand for saving our world is being addressed. There needs to be appropriate standards, for wind farms, yes, but first and foremost, even before that, does it actually accomplish what the public believes it would do? I don't know, now.
Kathleen Gidney
Wednesday, September 23, 2009
Printable Solar Cells- from Tom
Subject: Printable nanomaterial solar cells transform windows into energy generators
Printable solar cells transform windows into energy generators
Added: August 25, 2009
GLOBE-Net (August 25, 2009) One of the biggest drawbacks of solar cells available on the market today is their high cost, which keeps homeowners from opting for renewable energy generation. A research conducted at the University of Texas At Austin could answer the problem with the development of a new type of solar cells, which could easily be printed like a newspaper.
Thin-film solar technology, a process that involves coating surfaces with inky, light-absorbing materials, could reduce solar energy costs by a factor of 10, said chemical engineering professor Brian Korgel, who oversees research in the field.
"We’re essentially making material you can pat onto a surface and make solar cells that way," Korgel said. "With our process, you can basically print solar cells like you print newspaper."
The researchers are aiming to reduce the cost of solar cells by as much as 90% by replacing the expensive gas-phase deposition in a vacuum chamber with a new nanomaterial solution. The cells are based on the use of specialized inks that can be printed using a roll-to-roll printing process on a plastic substrate or even stainless steel.
The light-absorbing nanomaterials are 10,000 times thinner than a strand of hair and because of this microscopic size they carry better physical properties that can enable their use in higher-efficiency devices. Currently the cells developed are only 1% efficient, but the research team is hoping that the final version, which could take about 5 years to develop, will be at least 10% efficient.
The cost of solar energy in its current form can make it an unrealistic option for many homeowners. The average pricetag of a 3-kilowatt solar system, which is most often the system installed in homes, is $22,000, said Austin Energy spokesman Ed Clark.
See also this article: Plan to turn rooftops, walls and windows into cheap solar cells
Source: University of Texas .
Printable solar cells transform windows into energy generators
Added: August 25, 2009
GLOBE-Net (August 25, 2009) One of the biggest drawbacks of solar cells available on the market today is their high cost, which keeps homeowners from opting for renewable energy generation. A research conducted at the University of Texas At Austin could answer the problem with the development of a new type of solar cells, which could easily be printed like a newspaper.
Thin-film solar technology, a process that involves coating surfaces with inky, light-absorbing materials, could reduce solar energy costs by a factor of 10, said chemical engineering professor Brian Korgel, who oversees research in the field.
"We’re essentially making material you can pat onto a surface and make solar cells that way," Korgel said. "With our process, you can basically print solar cells like you print newspaper."
The researchers are aiming to reduce the cost of solar cells by as much as 90% by replacing the expensive gas-phase deposition in a vacuum chamber with a new nanomaterial solution. The cells are based on the use of specialized inks that can be printed using a roll-to-roll printing process on a plastic substrate or even stainless steel.
The light-absorbing nanomaterials are 10,000 times thinner than a strand of hair and because of this microscopic size they carry better physical properties that can enable their use in higher-efficiency devices. Currently the cells developed are only 1% efficient, but the research team is hoping that the final version, which could take about 5 years to develop, will be at least 10% efficient.
The cost of solar energy in its current form can make it an unrealistic option for many homeowners. The average pricetag of a 3-kilowatt solar system, which is most often the system installed in homes, is $22,000, said Austin Energy spokesman Ed Clark.
See also this article: Plan to turn rooftops, walls and windows into cheap solar cells
Source: University of Texas .
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solar power green technology
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